Solid phase extraction of trace cadmium and lead in food samples using modified peanut shell prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Microchimica Acta - Peanut shell was chemically modified with phosphoric acid and used as a solid phase extraction material for the determination of trace amounts of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in food samples...     

Connection between nanostructured materials’ size-dependent melting and thermodynamic properties of bulk materials

Based on the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of bulk materials, Gibbs free energy for nanostructured materials is obtained and used to study the size-dependent melting point depression phenomenon. The effects of volume change due to fusion, the thermal expansion and the temperature dependency of surface free energy of bulk materials on the melting point depression are investigated. Conversely, the solid surface free energy of bulk materials is also researched by means of the size-dependent melting temperature of nanostructured materials.     

Melting enthalpy ΔHm for describing glass forming ability of bulk metallic glasses

A new melting enthalpy ΔH_m criterion for the prediction of glass forming ability (GFA) of alloys is proposed and five Zr–Al–Ni–Cu bulk metallic glasses (BMG) with critical dimension Z_max up to ? 7.5 mm are also developed by us in the light of the optimum ΔH_m of Zr–Al–Ni–Cu alloy system. And then, we researched the relationships between ΔH_m and two GFA parameters (critical cooling rate R_c and Z_max) of five bulk metallic glass (BMG) systems, such as Mg–Ni–Nd, Pd–Cu–Si, La–Al–Ni–Cu, Zr–Al–Ni–Cu and Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be, respectively. The results show that the relationships between ΔH_m and R_c are all concave upward parabolas, and the optimum ΔH_ms for Mg–Ni–Nd, Pd–Cu–Si, Zr–Al–Ni–Cu, Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be and La–Al–Ni–Cu are 10.3960 kJ mol^?1, 21.2202 kJ mol^?1, 19.7146 kJ mol^?1, 18.1455 kJ mol^?1 and 13.1558 kJ mol^?1, respectively. On the contrary, the relationships between ΔH_m and Z_max are all concave downward parabolas, and the optimum ΔH_ms for Mg–Ni–Nd, Pd–Cu–Si, Zr–Al–Ni–Cu, Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be and La–Al–Ni–Cu are 10.5530 kJ mol^?1, 21.0830 kJ mol^?1, 19.6603 kJ mol^?1, 19.7231 kJ mol^?1 and 13.1173 kJ mol^?1, respectively. Furthermore, other BMGs’ R_cs or Z_maxs predicted by above-mentioned relationships satisfactorily agree with the tested results, which indicates that these relationships are reliable. However, the predicted results are reliable only if the main components are similar with the fitted BMGs or the additive is sparkle enough that the alloy’s character does not change. On the whole, the ΔH_m can act as a criterion for quickly predicting the alloy’s GFA and be helpful for the development of new BMGs.     

酒石酸酯立体选择性萃取分离功夫菊酸对映体

研究了功夫菊酸对映体在含有手性选择剂酒石酸酯的水-有机相双相体系中的萃取分配行为,考察了水相的pH、酒石酸酯的浓度、磷酸盐浓度、温度和酒石酸酯烷基链长度对分配系数(K)和分离因子(α)的影响.研究结果表明:分配系数(K)随pH的升高而降低,随着酒石酸酯浓度的增大而增大,分离因子(α)随pH的升高和酒石酸酯浓度的增大先增加后降低,pH和酒石酸酯浓度分别为5.50和0.30 mol/L时取得较好的分离效果;分配系数(K)和分离因子(α)都随磷酸盐浓度增大而减小;温度、取代烷基链长对分配系数(K)和分离因子(α)亦有较大影响.     

Glass formation and non-isothermal crystallization of Zr62.5Al12.1Cu7.95Ni17.45 bulk metallic glass

Glass forming ability (GFA) and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of Zr_62.5Al_12.1Cu_7.95Ni_17.45 bulk metallic glass were investigated. Its critical dimension is up to 7.5 mm and its critical cooling rate is less than 40 K s⁻¹, indicating its better GFA. It manifests two crystallization procedures and the second crystallization peak is more sensitive to heating rate than the first crystallization peak. The glass transition and crystallization both have remarkable kinetics effects. The apparent activation energies derived from the Kissinger plots are 175.24 ± 27.59 KJ mol⁻¹ for glass transition E_g, 212.84 ± 15.84 KJ mol⁻¹ for onset crystallization E_x, 230.51 ± 23.85 KJ mol⁻¹ for the first crystallization peak E_p1 and 124.85 ± 15.15 KJ mol⁻¹ for the second crystallization peak E_p2.     

β-环糊精与佐匹克隆包合作用的研究

采用相溶解度法研究了佐匹克隆在不同pH和不同摩尔浓度的β-争环糊精水溶液中的溶解度及二者的表观稳定常数,随着β-环糊精浓度的增加和pH的提高,佐匹克隆的溶解度增加,表观稳定常数升高;采用热力学方法研究了温度对包合反应的影响,计算了包合过程的熵变AS、焓变△H及自由能变化△G均为负值,说明包合反应是放热反应且能自发进行,焓变是形成超分子复合体的主要驱动力;用研磨法制备了佐匹克隆-环糊精包合物,并用红外光谱和差示扫描量热分析对固体包合物进行了表征.结果表明,佐匹克隆与β-环糊精可形成1:1包合物,β-环糊精对于难溶性药物佐匹克隆是较理想的增溶剂.     

Estimation of Kauzmann temperature and isenthalpic temperature of metallic glasses

We propose expressions for the estimation of the isenthalpic temperature T ₀ (T ₀ = αT _m , α is a semi-empirical parameter and 0 ⩽ α < 1, T _m is the solidus temperature) and the Kauzmann temperature T _k (T _k = T _m exp(α−1)) for glass forming alloys. It is found that T _k estimated by T _k = T _m exp(α−1) is in agreement with that directly calculated from the heat capacity data, indicating that T _k = T _m exp(α − 1) can be used to estimate T _k of glass forming alloys. T ₀ estimated by T ₀ = αT _m , on the other hand, widely deviates from that of directly calculated from the heat capacity data. This suggests that the enthalpy difference of the under-cooled liquid and the crystal might be a nonlinear function of the temperature below T _k . Moreover, the Gibbs free energy difference ΔG is not sensitive to the deviation of α.     

尿液中纳米微晶的团聚促进泌尿系结石的形成

采用纳米粒度仪和透射电子显微镜(TEM)比较研究了尿石症患者与健康对照者尿液中纳米微晶的尺寸、粒度分布、聚集状态、自相关函数和ξ电位随放置时间的变化. 患者尿样放置3 h后, 其尿微晶平均粒径(D_a)由506 nm增至958 nm, 粒度分布范围变宽, 自相关时间由1.84 s延长到3.93 s, ξ电位由-1.34 mV降低至-3.89 mV; 而健康对照者尿微晶的D_a仅由330 nm增加至416 nm, 自相关时间由1.44 s延长至2.10 s, ξ电位由-8.35 mV降低至-8.90 mV. 此结果表明, 尿石症患者和健康对照者尿液中的纳米微晶不但在尺寸、粒度分布、聚集、自相关函数和ξ电位等方面存在明显的差异, 而且患者尿微晶的稳定性比对照者的差; 随着时间的延长, 患者尿液中的纳米微晶会逐渐团聚, 而对照者尿微晶的团聚要轻微得多. 从两类尿液中尿大分子和小分子抑制剂的浓度、尿微晶表面形成双电层的稳定性等方面进行了分析, 结果表明, 尿微晶的聚集是泌尿系结石生长的关键因素.     

羟丙基-β-环糊精对萘普生的增溶及稳定作用

考察不同pH,不同温度下羟丙基-β-环糊精对萘普生的增溶作用,采用相溶解度法测定包合物的稳定常数,采用紫外光谱法测定其含量.不同pH下萘普生溶解度呈AL型.羟丙基-β-环糊精用量越大,对萘普生的增溶量越高.pH升高,增溶效果越高,但包合的稳定常数减低.计算了包合过程中的热力学参数,结果表明,羟丙基-β-环糊精对萘普生的包合过程主要是一个焓驱动的过程,是一个放热过程.羟丙基-β-环糊精可以增大萘普生的溶解度,提高萘普生水溶液的稳定性.     

非饱和土土水特征曲线(SWCC)测试与预测

非饱和土土水特征曲线(SWCC)表示了土中含水量与吸力之间的关系。文章介绍了6种常用方法,各有其适用范围。体积压力板仪可量测最大基质吸力值为1500kPa的干燥曲线和浸湿曲线;超过1500kPa时,可用盐溶液法进行量测;Tem-ple仪可量测基质吸力达100kPa的干燥曲线;滤纸法可用于测量土体的基质吸力与总吸力;Dew-point电位计可用于量测土样总吸力变化,尤其适合渗透吸力的量测;TDR探头适合于量测小于300kPa的基质吸力。用GDS非饱和土三轴仪可以进行SWCC测试,测试范围主要取决于陶土板的进气值。用准确的数学模型对测得的含水量、吸力数据进行拟合,对于预测非饱和土力学性质、渗透系数、抗剪强度及分析边坡稳定性有重要意义。由于准确测试SWCC难度较大,并且测试影响因素较多,所以根据土体孔隙大小分布和颗粒大小分布情况预测SWCC,也是一种较好的方法。